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They work in mills near the farms or sell milk village. Drinking water came from nearest lake or
of the cows that they own. Selling other by- river. The houses were built of mud, wood or
products like sap, collecting wood, leaves of dried grass.
certain plants, fruits, etc., helps them to Life is very different now. Houses are built with
sustain and survive. Some farmers also different kinds of material like stones, bricks,
seasonally go to the cities or towns to work as cement and iron besides wood. The food we eat
wage earners as there is more opportunity to comes from different parts of the country. The
earn money in cities. water supply is through taps in most towns and
4. Rich Farmers and Landowners : The villages. We are not content merely by arranging
for our food and shelter. Education, health care
“rich” farmers that we have spoken about
and entertainment form essential parts of our
above are in a very small percentage in rural
lives. Teachers teach, doctors look after our
areas. They are the ones who own most of
health needs, actors and musicians provide us
the land and hire agricultural labourers to
with entertainment and so on.
work for them. They are also the exploit-
Our needs are constantly growing and we require
ative village money lenders and also gener-
the cooperation of a large number of people to
ally own the nearby mills and small facto-
fulfil them. To give just one example, millions of
ries.
people work together in our railways, post and
5. Other Service Providers : In villages, telegraph and telephone departments to keep the
apart from labourers, farmers and landlords, entire communication network functioning. Thus,
there are also people who provide basic cooperation makes our lives comfortable and
services. Barbers, nurses, village teachers, happy.
etc., are small professionals who are found SOCIETY AND US
in villages. Some of them are self-employed
Each one of us is a part of a family. The mem-
and some are employed under government
bers of our families help us to take care of our-
schools or hospitals. selves in many ways. Similarly, in school, there
are students, teachers and other members of the
COOPERATION IS NECESSARY
staff to help us. All of us together make a society,
All of us have certain necessities in our daily
working together and helping each other. Then,
lives. For example, we need food to eat, clothes
there are our neighbours and other people living
to wear and a house to live in. It is not possible
around us in towns, cities or villags. These form
to take care of all these things on our own. We
larger social units. Here too, people work and
need other people to help us. Our parents, cooperate with each other. When many people
neighbours, fellow-farmers, workers, manufactur- live together and cooperate with each other so
ers and shopkeepers help us. Thus, we are all that everybody benefits and their needs are
dependent on one another to meet our needs. satisfied, a society comes into existence. We are
In early times, man lives as a wanderer roaming all parts of a big society, though sometimes one
through the forests, hunting for food and looking may not realise it. Society frames certain rules so
for shelter. After some time, man learned to grow that we can live together comfortably. For exam-
ple, there are rules for punishing criminals so that
food and settled down permanently at one place.
our life and property are safe. Similarly, there are
Villages came up. At that time, man had very few
various traffic rules to enable everybody to travel
needs. Man ate whatever he could grow in his
safely.
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