Page 150 - SST Class 08

Metals are hard substances that conduct heat and
electricity and have a characteristic luster or
shine. Iron ore, bauxite, manganese ore are
some examples. Metallic minerals may be ferrous
or non-ferrous. Ferrous minerals like iron ore,
manganese and chromite contain iron. A non-
ferrous mineral does not contain iron, but may
contain some other metal such as gold, silver,
copper or lead.

Non-metallic Minerals Open Cast Mining
The non-metallic minerals do not contain metals.
Limestone, mica and gypsum are examples of
such minerals. The mineral fuels like coal and
petroleum are also non-metallic minerals.
Minerals can be extracted by mining, drilling or
quarrying.
EXTRACTION OF MINERALS

Extraction of Minerals

Mining Drilling Quarrying Shaft Mining

Open Cast Shaft
Mining Mining

Minerals can be extracted by different processes,
which are as follows :
g Mining : The process of taking out minerals
buried under the rocks is called mining.
There are two main methods of mining,
namely, open cast mining and shaft mining. Quarrying
g Open Cast Mining : When minerals are
taken out by removing the surface layer, the
process is called open cast mining. Minerals
which lie at shallow depths are extracted by
this process.
g Shaft Mining : When deep bores (called
shafts) are made to reach the mineral
deposits at great depth, the process is called
shaft mining.

Oil Drilling

Social Science-8 150